Scientific Literature on the Serpentine Barrens of Pennsylvania,
Delaware and Maryland and Related Topics

Alphabetical list initially compiled July 2013 and later amended by Ron Notvest and Mike Bertram

Adams, CC. 1902.  Postglacial origin and migrations of life of the northeastern United States. Journal of Biogeography 1:303-310, 352-357.

Alexander, E.B. 2009.  Serpentine Geoecology of the Eastern and Southeastern Margins of North America, Northeastern Naturalist, 16, No. 5, Soil and Biota of Serpentine: A World View. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Serpentine Ecology, pp. 223-252.

Arabas, K.B. 1996.  Fire and vegetation dynamics in the eastern serpentine barrens.  Doctoral Thesis in Geography, Pennsylvania State University.   ON FILE

Arabas, K.B. 2000.  Spatial and temporal relationships among fire frequency vegetation, and soil depth in an eastern North American serpentine barren. Journal of the Torrey Botantical Club 124:51-65.

Barton, A.M. and Wallenstein, M.D., 1997.  Effects of invasion of Pinus virginiana on soil properties in serpentine barrens in southeastern Pennsylvania. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 297-305. ON FILE

Batcher, M.S. 1993.  Site action plan for Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens, Chester County, Pennsylvania.  The Nature Conservancy PA Field Office

Branco, S. and R.H. Ree, 2010.  Serpentine Soils Do Not Limit Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity PLoS ONE 5(7): e11757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011757 (2010)

Brooks, R.R., 1987. Serpentine and Its Vegetation; A Multidisciplinary Approach, Diocorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

Burgess, Jerry L. , Steven Lev, Christopher M. Swan, and Katalin Szlavecz, 2009.  Geologic and Edaphic Controls on a Serpentine Forest Community, Northeastern Naturalist, Vol. 16, No. 5, Soil and Biota of Serpentine: A World View. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Serpentine Ecology, pp. 366-384.

Castelli, J.P. and Casper B.B. 2003. Intraspecific AM fungal variation contributes to plant-fungal feedback in a serpentine grassland, Ecology 84(2):323-336.

Clark, J.S. and Royall, P.D. 1996.  Local and regional sediment charcoal evidence for fire regimes in presettlement north-eastern North America. Journal of Ecology, 84:365-382.

Clupper, N.S. 1991. Fire histories for Goat Hill, Nottingham and Chrome barrens. Unpublished report, The Nature Conservancy, Pennsylvania Field Office, Philadelphia.  ON FILE

Cummings, J.R. and Kelly, C.N. 2007.  Pinus virginiana invasion influences soils and arbuscular mycorrhizae of a serpentine grassland. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134:63-73.

Custer, B.H. 1983. Soil survey of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.  U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. 152 pp. + 124 maps.

Dann, K., 1988.  Traces on the Appalachians, A natural history of serpentine in Eastern North America,New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  

Deevey, E.S. and Flint R.F. 1957.  Postglacial hypsithermal interval.  Science. 125: 182-184.  

Delcourt, P.A. and Delcourt, H.R., 1998.  The influence of prehistoric human-set fires on oak-chestnut forests in the southern Appalachians.  Castanea 63:337-345.

Doherty, J.H., 2009. Niche Partitioning Among Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Consequences for Host Plant Performance. Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations. Paper 55.

Emel, S.L., Franks, S.J., and Spigler, R.B. 2017. Phenotypic selection varies with pollination intensity across populations of Sabatia angularis. New Phytologist 215 (2), 813-824.

Faill R.T., 1997. A geological history of the north-central Appalachians, Part 1. Orogenesis from the Mesaproterozoic to the Taconic orogeny. American Journal of Science, v. 297, p. 551 - 619.

Faill R. T., and Sevon, W.D., 1994, Various Aspects of Piedmont Geology in Lancaster and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania, Guidebook for the 59th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists. ON FILE

Faill R. T., and Smith, R.C., 2010, The Peach Bottom area in the Pennsylvania - Maryland Piedmont, in Fleeger, G.M., and Whitmeyer, S.J. eds., The Mid-Atlantic Shore to the Appalachians: Geological Society of America Field Guide 16. ON FILE

Friedman, E. 1999. Beetle diversity in northern piedmont serpentine barrens. Honors Thesis, Swarthmore College.  ON FILE

Furedi, M.A., Latham, R., Davis, T. and Podniesinski, G. 2008. Management plan for Goat Hill Wild Plant Sanctuary.  Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg. 49 pp.  ON FILE

Gajewski, K., Swain A. M. et Peterson G. M., 1987. Late Holocene Pollen Stratigraphy in Four Northeastern United States Lakes" Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol. 41, n° 3, 1987, p. 377-386.

Ganis, G. R. and Wise, D. U. 2008.  Taconic events in Pennsylvania: Datable phases of a ∼ 20 m.y. orogeny American Journal of Science vol. 308 no. 2 167-183 (February 2008) 

Guilday J.E. 1982.  Appalachia 11,000-12,000 years ago: A Biological Review. Archaeology of Eastern North America,Vol. 10 (Fall 1982), pp. 22-26.

Gustafson, D. J., Romano, G., Latham, R.E. and Morton, J.K., 2003.  Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of genetic relationships among the serpentine barrens endemic Cerastium velutinum Rafinesque var. villosissimum Pennell (Caryophyllaceae) and closely related Cerastium species. Journal of the Torrey Botantical Society 130: 218-223.  ON FILE

Gustafson, D. J. and Latham, R. E. 2005.  Is the serpentine aster, Symphotrichum depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a valid species and actually endemic to eastern serpentine barrens? Biodiversity and Conservation 14:1445-1452.  ON FILE

Haas, J. N. and McAndrews, J.H. 2000.  The summer drought related hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) decline in eastern North America 5,700 to 5,100 years ago. Pp 81-88 in McKanus, K.A., Shields K.S., and Souto, D.R. (eds), Proceedings of the Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America, General Technical Report NE-267 U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA.

Harrison, S. P. and Kruckeberg, A. R. 2008.  Garden on the Rocks.  Natural History (May): 40-44. ON FILE

Harshberger, J.W., 1903.  The flora of serpentine barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania.  Science, 18:339-343

Harshberger, J.W., 1904.  A phytogeographical sketch of southeast Pennsylvania. Bull Torrey Bot. Club, 31:125-159.
FULL TEXT AVAILABLE AT Jstor.org

Hart, R. 1980.  The coexistence of weeds and restricted native plants on serpentine barrens in southeastern Pennsylvania, Ecology 61:688-701.  ON FILE

Hart, R. 1990. Aster depauperatus: A Midwestern migrant on eastern serpentine barrens,? Bartonia 56:23-28.  ON FILE

Haegele, E. 2011. Unionville Serpentine Barrens: Analyzing the Relationship Between Soil Profiles and Forest Succession Rate, Master of Environmental Studies thesis, University of Pennsylvania.

Hilgartner, William B., Mark Nejako and Ryan Casey, 2009. A 200-Year Paleoecological Record of Pinus virginiana, Trace Metals, Sedimentation, and Mining Disturbance in a Maryland Serpentine Barren, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society Vol. 136, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2009), pp. 257-271. 

Hull, J.C. and Wood, S.G. 1984. Water relations of oak species on and adjacent to a Maryland serpentine soil. American Midland Naturalist 112:224-234.

Jones, J.L., Scharnberger, C.K., Schlegel, M.A., and Robinson, D.C., 2006, A tour of the Peach Bottom Slate—Once the best building slate in the world, in Pazzaglia, F.J., ed., Excursions in Geology and History: Field Trips in the Middle Atlantic States: Geological Society of America Field Guide 8. ON FILE

Knox, R.G. 1984.  Age structure of forests on Soldiers Delight, a Maryland serpentine area. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 111:498-501.

Latham, R.E. 1991. The serpentine barrens of temperate eastern North America: Critical issues in the management of rare species and communities, Bartonia 57:1-25. ON FILE

Latham, R.E. 1992. Draft element stewardship abstract for the temperate eastern North American serpentine barrens.  Unpublished draft manuscript prepared for The Nature Conservancy, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. 

Latham, R.E. 1993. The serpentine barrens of temperate eastern North America: critical issues in the management of rare species and communities.  Bartonia (supplement) 57:61-74.

Latham, R.E. and Thorne, J.F., 1997. Understanding successional trajectories to conserve serpentine grasslands (abstract).  Ecological Society of America and the Nature Conservancy Joint Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM. ON FILE

Latham, R.E., 2005. Inventory of historical and extant, native, persistent, unplanted grasslands and meadows in Pennsylvania, Unpublished draft manuscript prepared in part for Natural Lands Trust, Media, Pennsylvania.

Latham, R.E. 2005.  Protecting the Unionville Barrens; Biological, Historical and Value Considerations.  The Brandywine Conservancy’s Environmental Management Center.  ON FILE

Latham, R.E. 2008. Pink Hill Serpentine Barrens Restoration and Management Plans ON FILE

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Laughlin, D.C. 2004.  Did tallgrass prairie extend into Pennsylvania? The Prairie Naturalist 36(1): 11-22  ON FILE

Lookingbill, T.R., Engelhardt, K.A.M., Florkowski, L.N., Churchill, J.B. and Ashley, L.J. 2007. Evaluation of the Nottingham Park Serpentine Barrens, Chester County, Pennsylvania, University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science (for its merit in meeting National Significance Criteria as a National Natural Landmark in Representing Serpentine Barrens as a Natural Feature in the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont Region). ON FILE

Maas, J.L. and Stuntz, D.D. 1969.  Mycoecology on serpentine soil.  Mycologia 61:1106-1116.

MacLachlan, C.A. 1994. Nottingham County Park: the restoration and management of a temperate eastern serpentine barrens.  Master’s thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.

Mansberg, L. and Wentworth, T.R. 1984.  Vegetation and soils of a serpentine barren in western North Carolina, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 111:273-286.

Martin P.S. 1958.  Taiga-tundra and the Full-Glacial Period in Chester County, Pennsylvania; American Journal of Science,Vol. 256 (Summer 1958), pp. 470-502.

Marye, W.B. 1955. The great Maryland barrens – Part I, Maryland Historical Magazine 50(2): 11-23 ON FILE

Marye, W.B. 1955. The great Maryland barrens – Part II, Maryland Historical Magazine 50(2): 120-142 ON FILE

Marye, W.B. 1955. The great Maryland barrens, Maryland Historical Magazine 50(2):234-253 ON FILE

Maxwell J.A. and Davis M.B. 1972.  Pollen evidence of Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation on the Allegheny Plateau, Maryland; Quaternary Research, Vol. 2 (1972), pp. 506-530.

McCandless, S.R. 1998. Invasive Smilax rotundifolia associated with changes in serpentine soil syndrome, Honors Thesis in Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA. ON FILE

McCandless, S.R. and Latham, R.E., 1998.  Invasion of the Nottingham serpentine barrens by the liana Smilax rotundifolia, I: soil nitrogen modification (abstract).  Society for Conservation Biology, Delaware Valley Chapter Annual Meeting, West Chester, PA.

Miller, G.A. 1977. An ecological study of the serpentine barrens in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, 51:169-176. ON FILE

Miller, G.L. 1981.  Secondary succession following fire on a serpentine barren.  Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 55:62-64.

Moser A. M. , Petersen C. A., D’Allura J. A., and Southworth D., 2005.  Comparison of Ectomycorrhizas of Quercus garryana (Fagaceae) on Serpentine and Nonserpentine Soils in Southwestern Oregon., American Journal of Botany, 92(2): 224–230.

Noyes, R.D. and Rieseberg, L.H. 1999.  ITS sequence data support a single origin for North American Astereae (Asteraceae) and reflect deep geographic divisions in Aster S.L., American Journal of Botany, 86(3):398-412.  ON FILE

Orndorff, S. and Patten, T., 2007. Management Guidelines for Barrens Communities in Pennsylvania.  The Nature Conservancy of Pennsylvania.

Oswald, W.W., Foster, D.R., Doughty, E.D. and MacDonald, D. 2010. A record of Holocene environmental and ecological changes from Wildwood Lake, Long Island, New York. Journal of Quaternary Science (2010) 25(6) 967–974 ON FILE

Oswald, W.W., and Foster, D.R., 2011. A record of late-Holocene environmental change from southern New England, USA; Quaternary Research vol. 76 (2011) pp. 314–318.

Panaccione, Daniel G. , Nancy L. Sheets, Susan P. Miller, and Jonathan R. Cumming, 2001. Diversity of Cenococcum geophilum isolates from Serpentine and Non-Serpentine Soils, Mycologia Vol. 93, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 2001), pp. 645-652

Patterson, W.A. III and Sassaman, K.E., 1988. Indian fires In the prehistory of New England.  Pp 107-135 in Nicholas, G.P. (ed). Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America, Plenum Publishing Corp.

Pearre, N.C. and Heyl A.V. 1959.  The History of Chromite Mining in Pennsylvania and Maryland.  Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Fourth Series, Information Circular 14

Pearre, N.C. and Heyl A.V. 1960.  Chromite and other mineral deposits in serpentine rocks of the piedmont upland, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.  U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1082-K:707-833.

Pederson, D.C., Peteet, D.M., Kurdyla, D., and Gilderson, T., 2005. Medieval Warming, Little Ice Age, and European impact on the environment during the last millennium in the lower Hudson Valley, New York, USA; Quaternary Research vol. 63 (2005) pp. 238– 249.

Pennell, F.W., 1910.  Flora of the Conowingo barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, 62:541-584. ON FILE

Pennell, F.W., 1912.  Further notes on the floras of the Conowingo barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia. 64: 520-539 ON FILE

Pennell, F.W., 1930.  On some critical aspects of the serpentine barrens.  Bartonia, 12:1-23. ON FILE

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, 2006. Element tracking database of state-rare species of special concern.

Philpot, C.W. 1977. Vegetative features as determinants of fire frequency and intensity. Pp 12-16 in Mooney, H.A. and Conrad, C.E. (eds). Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems, U.S.D.A. Forest Serve General Technical Report W0-3, Washington, DC.

Pinion, G.E., 1973.  Edaphic variations in Talinum teretifolium, Portulaceae. Va. J. Sci., 24:137.

Plummer, M.V. 1981. Habitat utilization, diet and movement of a temperate arboreal snake (Opheodrys aestivus). Journal of Herpetology 15:425-432.

Podniesinki, G. 1999. Serpentine plant community classification.  Unpublished.  The Nature Conservancy, Pennsylvania Science Office, Middletown.

Prentice, C., Bartlein, P.J. and Webb, T. 1991.  Vegetation and climate change in eastern North America since the last glacial maximum. Ecology 72(6):2038-2056. ON FILE

Proctor, J. and Woodell, S.R.J., 1975. The ecology of serpentine soils. Advances in Ecological Research 9:255-366.

Proctor, J. and Nagy L. 1992.  Ultramafic rocks and their vegetation: an overview.  Pp 469-494 in Baker, A.J. Proctor, J. and  Reeves, R.D. (eds), The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Serpentine Ecology. Intercept Ltd., Andover, N.H.

Rabenhorst, M.C., Foss, J.E. and Fanning, D.S. 1982. Genesis of Maryland soils formed from serpentine.  Soil Science Society of America Journal 46:607-616.

Rajakaruna, N., Harris, T.B. and Alexander, E.B. 2009.  Serpentine geoecology of eastern North America: A review, Rhodora 111:21-108.  ON FILE

Reed, C.F. 1986. Floras of serpentine formations in eastern North America, with descriptions of geomorphology and mineralogy of the formations. Reed Herbarium, Baltimore, Maryland.

Robertson, A.I. 1992. The relation of nickel toxicity to certain physiological aspects of serpentine ecology: some facts and a new hypothesis. Pp 331-336 in Baker, A.J. Proctor, J. and Reeves, R.D. (eds), The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Serpentine Ecology. Intercept Ltd., Andover, N.H.

Russell, E.W. B. 1983. Indian-set fires in the forests of the northeastern United States. Ecology 64:78-88.

Schechter, S. P. and Bruns, T. D., 2012. Edaphic sorting drives arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly in a serpentine/non-serpentine mosaic landscape. Ecosphere 3(5):42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00059.1

Schweitzer, D. 1998.  Executive Summary: Nottingham and Goat Hill Barrens Lepidoptera Report, Unpublished. ON FILE

Schweitzer, D. 1996. Serpentine barren moth studies: A summary report of Bob Barton’s 1996 sampling (October 16, 1996). ON FILE

Schweitzer, D. 1996.  Suggestions regarding the Lepidoptera for the Pennsylvania Serpentine Planning Group (October 22, 1996)

Schweitzer, D. 1997-1999.  Correspondences on observations at Nottingham and Goat Hill Barrens. ON FILE

Shaw A.J., 1991. Ecological Genetics of Serpentine Tolerance in the Moss, Funaria flavicans: Variation Within and Among Haploid Sib Families. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 78, No. 11 (Nov., 1991), pp. 1487-1493.

Shaw H.F., and Wasserburg G.J., 1984. Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Appalachian Mafic Complexes. American Journal of Science, Vol. 284, (April/May, 1984), pp. 319-349.

Shreve, F., 1910. The Plant Life of Maryland. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.

Sinha A.K., Hanan B.B., and Wayne D.M., 1997. Igneous and Metamorphic U-Pb ages from the Baltimoe Mafic Complex, Maryland Piedmont. In Sinha A.K., Whalen J.B., and Hogan J.P. eds., The Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogeny, Geological Society of America Memoir 191, p. 279 - 286.

Sirkin L.A., and Minard J.P., 1972. Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Pollen Stratigraphy in northwestern New Jersey. Geological Survey Professional Paper.

Sloto, Ronald A., 2009.  The Mines and Minerals of Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Smith R.C. and Barnes, J.H. 1998.  Geology of Nottingham County Park. Open File Report 98-12, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Download - large file (10.0Mb).

Smith R.C. and Barnes, J.H. 2008.  Geology of the Goat Hill serpentine barrens, Baltimore mafic complex, Pennsylvania. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 82(1): 19-30.

Smith R.C. and Barnes, J.H. 2008.  Bedrock composition of the Goat Hill serpentine barrens and a proposed serpentine factor for predicting floral response.  Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 82(1): 31-47.

Smith, S.R. and Johnson, S., 2005. Goat Hill serpentine barrens moth species report. Contractual report submitted to Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program.

Spigler, R.B. 2018. Small and surrounded: population size and land use intensity interact to determine reliance on autonomous selfing in a monocarpic plant. Annals of Botany 121 (3), 513-524.

Stateline Serpentine Barrens: Phase One; Site Conservation Plan, 2000.  The Nature Conservancy of Pennsylvania, Conshohocken, PA.  ON FILE

Stone, R.W. and Hughes, H.H., 1931.  Feldspar in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, 4th Series, Bulletin M13 Download - large file (11.3Mb).

Streng, D.R. and Harcombe, P.A., 1982.  Why don’t East Texas savannas grow up to forest? American Midland Naturalist, 108:278-294.

Thiet, Rachel K. & Boerner, R. E. J., 2007. Spatial patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum in arbuscular mycorrhizal barrens communities: implications for controlling invasion by Pinus virginiana, Mycorrhiza , (2007) 17:507–517.

Tibbetts, R.A. and Smith, J.A.C., 1992. Vacuolar accumulation of calcium and its interaction with magnesium availability. Pp 367-373. In Baker, A.J.M., Proctor, J. and Reeves, R.D. (eds), The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Serpentine Ecology, Intercept Ltd., Andover, NH.

Transeau, E.N. 1935. The Prairie Peninsula. Ecology 16:423-437.

Tyndall R.W. and Farr, P.M. 1989. Vegetation structure and flora of a serpentine pine-cedar savanna in Maryland, Castanea 54:191-199.

Tyndall, R.W. and Farr, P.M. 1990. Vegetation and flora of the Pilot serpentine area in Maryland.  Castanea 55:259-265.

Tyndall, R.W. 1992a. Historical considerations of conifer expansion in Maryland serpentine “barrens,” Castanea 57: 123-131. ON FILE

Tyndall R.W. 1992b. Herbaceous layer vegetation on Maryland serpentine. Castanea 57:264-272.

Tyndall, R.W. 1994. Conifer clearing and prescribed burning effects to herbaceous layer vegetation on a Maryland serpentine “barren.” Castanea 59:255-273.

Tyndall, R.W. and Hull, J.C. 1999. Vegetation, flora and plant physiological ecology of serpentine barrens of eastern North America. Pp 67-82 Anderson, R.C., Fralish, J.S. and Baskins, J.M. (eds) Savannas, barrens and rock outcrop communities of North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England. ON FILE

Tyndall, R.W. 2005.  Twelve years of herbaceous vegetation change in oak savanna habitat on a Maryland serpentine barren after Virginia pine removal. Castanea 70:287-297.  ON FILE

Tyndall, R.W. 2012.  Soil Differences between Extant Serpentine Oak Savanna and Grassland in Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, Maryland, Castanea 77, No. 3, pp. 224-230. 

Wallenstein, M.D. 1995. Soil amelioration by Pinus virginiana during forest conversion on the New Texas serpentine barrens of Pennsylvania.  Undergraduate thesis, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA

Wheeler, A.G. Jr. 1988. Diabrotica cristata a chrysomelid (Coleoptera) of relict Midwestern prairies discovered in eastern serpentine barrens.  Entomological News 99: 134-142.

Wheeler, A.G. Jr. 1995. Plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) of Phlox subulata and other narrow-leaved phloxes in eastern United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97:435-451.

Wherry, E.T., 1963. Some Pennsylvania barrens and their flora. I. Serpentine, Bartonia, 33:7-11. ON FILE

Worthley, E.G., Sr., 1984. A nature walk for Soldiers’ Delight, Baltimore County, Maryland.  Soldiers Delight Conservation Inc., Unpub Rep.

Wright H.E. Jr. 1976.  The dynamic nature of Holocene vegetation: a problem in paleoclimatology, biogeography, and stratigraphic nomenclature.  Quaternary Res 6:581-596.